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　　●Free textbook (COBOL)

What's COBOL？
COBOL is developed in 1960 by CODASYL (The Conference on Data Systems Language）which is organized in the U.S.A.
COBOL stands for Common Business-Oriented Language, which means to be able to use on any computers. If every computer would need its own language,
man had to learn the appropriate langage one by one. As a result, it is hard to port any programs which are once made to another computer systems.
Common language, which chould be used on any computers, was necessary to respond to the needs of many program developmental demands.
To meet this demands, COBOL was developed. Business-Oriented means to suit for office processing, so its language specification is convenient to describe programs on business processing system,
such as payroll calculation system, accounting system, or customer management system, etc.

How to download
◆Click "download" button in the following chart, and then you can freely download the text of every chapter.

◆The downloaded file is compressed in ZIP format in order to minimize its size and is already scanned for viruses.
　You need to have a decompression tool to use the files you download.
　If you do not have the tool, you can download it from the following site.
　Lhasa32　 http://www.vector.co.jp/soft/win95/util/se026842.html
　Lhaplus 　 http://www.vector.co.jp/soft/win95/util/se169348.html

　Software listed above is freeware.
　Please refer to the helps of the software about its method of installation or operation.

◆about PDF file
　Decompressed file is in PDF format. 　
　You need to have Adobe Reader to read the file.
　You can download it from here.
　Adobe Reader is a freeware.

contents

keyword

Chapter 1　 Program　 structure and how to describe

　・Learning COBOL program definition and structure
　 of 　each part,
　　and how to describe programs.

　・IDENTIFICATION　DIVISION
　・ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
　・DATA DIVISION
　・PROCEDURE　DIVISION

Chapter 2　 Posting and four arithmetic operations

　・Learning posting and four arithmetic operations
　　which are most frequently used in COBOL
　 language.

　・MOVE
　・ADD
　・SUBSTRACT
　・MULTIPLY
　・DIVIDE
　・COMPUTE
　・INITIALIZE
　・STOP

Chapter 3　 Condition and recursion

　・COBOL language enables various processes
　　by freely manipulating condition and recursion
　　 other than
　　 posting and four arithmetic operations

　・IF
　・EVALUATE
　・GO TO
　・PERFORM

Chapter 4　 Table operation

　・It is the most important technique in COBOL
　 language
　 to take advantage of "table" and freely manipulate
　 data.
　　Develop a thorough understanding of "table".

　・OCCURS PHRASE
　・INDEXED DEFINITION
　・SET STATEMENT
　・REDEFINES PHRASE
　・SEARCH STATEMENT (sequential table
　 lookup、dual table lookup）

Chapter 5　String operation

　・COBOL language can maniputate various string
　 operations
　　such as string replacement, appearance
　 inspection, partial reference, etc.

　・PARTIAL REFERENCE
　・INSPECT
　・REPLACING
　・STRING
　・UNSTRING

Chapter 6　File operation

　・File operation is essential to process vast
　 quantities of data
　　 where COBOL language's home ground.
　　Master file operation for sure
　　which is the basic function of COBOL language.

　<ENVIRONMENT DIVISION> 　
　・SELECT PHRASE
　・ORGANIZATION PHRASE
　・ACCESS MODE PHRASE
　・ASSIGN PHRASE

　<DATA DIVISION>
　・RECORD STRUCTURE
　 (FILE DESCRIPTOR(FD)

　<PROCEDURE DIVISION>
　・OPEN
　・READ
　・WRITE
　・REWRITE
　・DELETE
　・START
　・CLOSE